What were some of the most common themes present in the artwork from Spain and the Netherlands of the 16th century?

Some of the most common themes present in the artwork from Spain and the Netherlands of the 16th century would be the Renaissance-inspired art from Italy and the religious themes that encompass their artwork at the time.

Common themes in Spanish and Dutch artworks in the 16th century are mostly centered around religious scenes, figures, creatures and values rigidly taught by the Church during that time. There is also realism present in the artworks and a hint of the Renaissance (mostly in Dutch art) which was emerging in Europe.