Caleb is driving a car in which dona is a passenger when an accident occurs. caleb and dona are emotionally rattled, but neither is physically hurt. caleb is not liable to dona on a negligence theory because

Caleb is not liable to Dona because she wasn't injured. The negligence theory is a theory whereby plaintiffs claim damages on the negligence caused by others. Dona wasn't physically injured; she can file a claim if she suffered physical injury, but emotional trauma is not injury in the purest sense.