Public goods include which of the following?

a. Those goods that can be provided to all consumers through a free market unencumbered by anticompetitive behavior.

b. Those goods that can be excluded from people who choose not to pay for them.

c. Those goods that can be produced in adequate quantities to benefit the general welfare of the public.

d. Those goods for which the added cost of benefiting one person is zero or nearly so.

D) Those goods for which the added cost of benefiting one person is zero or nearly so.

Explanation:

A public good, also known as a social or collective good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous. That is, individuals are not excluded from using it and it being in use by only one individual does not decrease its availability to other persons. Public good can be used by more than an individual. Benefits derived from the use of public goods come without any expenses. Public goods include wisdom and knowledge, national security, language, street lights, lighthouses, e. t. c.

Public goods tend to be exposed to excessive use which leads to ejection, affecting its various users. These include air pollution and traffic congestion. Most times, public goods are access-restricted through toll roads and pay television, subject to a coded signal that can be decrypted by subscription only.

A common misunderstanding happens when public goods are referred to as goods provided by the public sector. This is actually true but then, public goods also come naturally.

Answer:d. Those goods for which the added cost of benefiting one person is zero or nearly so.

Explanation:Some goods and services cannot be provided through the pricing system because we have no method for excluding those who choose not to pay. The added cost of benefiting one person is zero or nearly so, and, in any case, no one can effectively be denied the benefits of the activity. In the absence of government regulations, public goods would not be produced in adequate quantities.