The heat transfer coefficient for hydrogen flowing over a sphere is to be determined by observing the temperature-time history of a sphere fabricated from pure copper. The sphere, which is 20.0 mm in diameter, is at 70°C before it is inserted into the gas stream having a temperature of 27°C. A thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere indicates 50°C 97 s after the sphere is inserted into the hydrogen. Find

a) What is the value of the specific heat of the copper at the average temperature of the process, in J/kg·K?

b) What is the value of the lumped thermal capacitance of the sphere, in J/K?

c) Solve for the thermal time constant, in sec.

d) What is the value of the heat transfer coefficient, in W/m2· K?

e) What is the value of the Biot number?

h = 74.7177 W/m^2 K

Explanation:

Given:-

- The diameter of the sphere, Ds = 20.0 mm

- The initial Temperature of sphere, Ti = 70°C

- The temperature of gas stream, Ts = 27°C

- The thermocouple reading after 97s, Tr = 50°C

Solution:-

- We will use Table A-1, to extract the following properties of copper at Ti = 70°C (343 K):

Density ρ = 8933 kg/m^3

Specific Heat capacity cp = 389 J / kg. K

Thermal conductivity, k = 388 W/m. K

- The time-temperature history is given by the equations:

θ (t) / θi = exp ( - t / Rt*Ct)

Where,

Rt = 1 / h*As, Ct = ρ*V*cp, As = πDs^2 / 4, θ = T - T∞

V = πDs^3 / 6.

- We will use the above relationships and given data to calculate:

θ (t) = T (at 97s) - T∞ = Tr - Ts

= 50 - 27 = 23°C

θi = Ti - T∞ = Ti - Ts

= 70 - 27 = 43°C

- Then we have:

θ (t) / θi = 23 / 43 = 0.53488372

θ (t) / θi = exp ( - t / τ)

0.53488372 = exp ( - t / τ)

Solve for τ:

τ = - 97 / Ln (0.53488372)

τ = 155.025 s

- Then solve for h:

τ = ρ*V*cp / h*As

h = ρ*V*cp / τ*As

h = (8933) * (0.02/6) * (389) / (155.025)

h = 74.7177 W/m^2 K

- Verifying the use of spatial isothermal assumption:

Lc = Ds / 6 = 20 / 6 = 0.003333

Bi = h*Lc / k = (74.7177) * (0.00333) / 388 = 0.00064

Hence, Bi < 0.1 so, spatial isothermal assumption is valid.