What are three (3) risk factors for testicular cancer? List three (3) subjective and objective findings in the client with testicular cancer?

Risk factors: genetic disposition, HIV infection and undescended testicles.

Objective findings: Change in testicular size but no pain, swelling of the virilia, presence of nodules.

Subjective findings: Nodules in the testicles and heaviness in the testicles.

Explanation:

There is not yet a definite cause for testicular cancer, but it is known that some risk factors may be associated with the onset of the disease. The most common is cryptorchidism, ie the permanence of the testis outside the scrotum after birth. The others are some rare genetic syndromes, chronic trauma and past disease history. Some studies show a slightly increased risk in people with a family history of testicular cancer.

The main feature is the presence of scrotal mass or a hard, painless nodule in the testis, most often located on the right side and found on palpation. Only a few patients experience acute pain in the testicles caused by internal bleeding in this organ. Back pain, cough, edema may be signs of metastasis resulting from disease progression.

As the cause of testicular cancer is not known, there are no safe ways to prevent the disease. The exception is cryptorchidism, which should be corrected as soon as possible. However, self-examination performed every month is a means of detecting any major changes for early diagnosis.

The risk factors of testicular cancer are;

1. Hiv infections

2. Family history of testicular cancer.

3. Males who are known to have an undescended testis.

The subjective of testicular cancer include;

1. Evidence of metastasis which include gyro, back pain.

2. Feeling of heaviness in the testicles.

3. Swelling and lumps of testes

Objective of testicular cancer include;

1. Swelling of lymph nodes in groin

2. Lump which is palpable.

3. Enlarged testes which will have no pain.