The theory that earth's rocks formed in a global flood followed by uplifting of some rock over a short period is called

The answer is catastrophism.

Catastrophism is a theory explaining that the Earth has been affected by sudden catastrophes which created its geological features. Some of the proposed catastrophes is a global flood followed by an uplifting of some rock which happened sudden, in a short period of time. It is opposite theory to uniformitarianism which explains that the Earth was formed in slow changes.