Which membrane component is most important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?

The correct answer is transmembrane proteins.

A kind of integral membrane protein that covers the entirety of the membrane of the cell to which it is permanently combined is known as a transmembrane protein.

These proteins function as passageways to allow the conduction of particular components through the membrane. Only the transmembrane proteins can work on both the bilayer sides or in the transportation of molecules through it.