Dominance hierarchies

a. are found only in monogamous and solitary primates

b. likely give dominant males and females a reproductive advantage

c. are permanent and inflexible

d. do not result in dominant females having priority access to food

The correct answer is option B. likely give dominant males and females a reproductive advantage.

Explanation:

Dominance hierarchy is a social hierarchy in which members of a group of animals interact with each other to form a ranking system or superiority and inferiority of the organism. In such social groups, members have to compete for access for the food and resources which are limited.

Mating is also decided on the basis of the dominance of males and females in such social groups. Dominant male-female have always advantage for mating in comparison to lower members in the ranking.

For instance, female baboon mated to a dominant male or high ranked male so she can get high rank as well for the time of period.

Thus, the correct answer is option B. likely give dominant males and females a reproductive advantage.