In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is a. urinary retention and reflux. b. nephrotic syndrome. c. glomerulonephritis. d. respiratory disease.

Answer: Uninary retention and reflux

Explanation: pyelonephritis is an infection that affects the urinary tract. People who are at a higher risk of developing pyelonephritis are individuals whose normal flow of urine is disrupted by one cause or the other. Therefore urinary retention caused by a blockage in the passage of urine and also reflux of urine predisposes the individual to developing pyelonephritis