Sophia mentions that $250 is not even 1% of her salary and she does not seem motivated by the amount of the bonus. Based on expectancy theory, Sophia's lack of motivation can be attributed to which of the following?

a. valence

b. instrumentality

c. expectancy

d. procedural justice

e. distributive justice

valence

Explanation:

Valence, as per the subject of psychology, implies the inherent attraction or adverseness of an event, object or scenario, particularly regarding emotions. The word also characterises different feelings and classifies them. For instance, feelings generally referred to as "evil" have harmful valence, such as fear and anger.

Valence can be given a number and regarded as if it had been weighed, but it is unclear how accurate a statistic is based on a subjective study. Measurement based on visual emotion findings, using the Facial Activity Coding System and micro-expressions or muscle activity identified by facial electromyography, or current functioning brain scanning will resolve the opposition.