A disparate impact case: a. requires the same proof as a disparate treatment case. b. does not apply to promotions. c. requires proof of intent to discriminate. d. does not apply if a reasonable rule produces the disparate impact. e. none of the above

E) none of the above

Explanation:

In the US, disparate impact cases generally apply to employment or housing practices where one or more minority groups are negatively affected more than other protected groups. Protected groups are based on gender, race, ethnic background, religion, etc. The difference between a disparate impact and a disparate treatment case is that disparate impact is generally involuntary, while disparate treatment is on purpose.