A. explain the auditor's justification for accepting the uncertainties that are inherent in the sampling process.

b. discuss the uncertainties that collectively embody the concept of audit risk.

c. discuss the nature of sampling risk and nongaming risk. include the effect of sampling risk on test controls

A. An auditor can accept the uncertainties in the sampling process since they have some idea in which financial statements errors are occurring. In this case their sample is not completely random. B. The formula AR = IR Ă - CR Ă - DR is often used to describe audit risk. Here, AR is audit risk, IR is inherent risk, CR is control risk, and DR is detection risk. Inherent risk is the risk of a report containing errors due to the complex nature of how the audited business runs. Control risk is the risk that an error may occur but may not be detected by the business itself. Detection risk is the risk that the auditor may fail to find errors that are present in the business' financial reports. C. An auditor may only sample, or inspect a fraction of a company's financial history. This is done for practical purposes, for there may not be enough time to inspect everything, or it may be too costly. If the auditor is issuing a test of controls, in which they are scrutinizing their target's internal procedures for detecting errors, then sampling may fail to see these errors.