Brand loyalty can be created by: a. minimal advertising. b. not using patents to protect products. c. cutting the costs for research and development. d. emphasizing high-quality products. e. minimizing after-sales service.

Option d is the correct option.

Explanation:

All other options creates less awareness and uniqueness of the products, whereas emphasising on better quality of products creates brand recognition and this higher brand recognition creates greater brand loyalty.

For creation of brand loyalty, we have to offer our customers something extra that our competitors are unable to deliver.

D. Emphasizing high quality products

Explanation:

Brand loyalty is a phenomenon whereby a person chooses to repeatedly purchase a product produced by the same company, instead of a substitute product produced by a competitor of the company. This can be created by emphasizing high quality products. In situations like this, a better quality product would always make a consumer or customer loyal to a specific brand, because he/she knows the type of quality to expect when he/she wants to purchase a product from the brand.