When workers are asked to participate in a research study, vulnerabilities related to the subject's employment may include:

a. Unions may encourage employees to participate with the expectation that "entitlements" may follow from study results. b. The employer may encourage or deny participation of workers. c. Employees may experience pressure from management to participate in the study because the employer perceives the study to be advantageous to the organization. d. The research study's finding could affect an employee's pay, benefits, or promotion potential. e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Explanation:

All options are possible certainly. The unions have the right to ask the employees to participate with the expectation that entitlement may follow from the study results. The study results are certainly going to ensure entitlement. Also, the employer might encourage or deny the participation of the workers as this is management work. It is on the employer that he allows or denies the employee from taking part in the meeting. Also, the employee might be pressurized by the management to take part in the study as the employer perceives the study are advantageous to the organization. This is a certainty as well, an employer might see profit in this. And the studies will affect the employee's pay, benefits as well as the promotion potential. The meeting is certainly going to increase employee's pay as well as provide him various benefits, and there are chances of promotion as well. Hence, all the options are correct.