Which of the following processes is exothermic?

a. The reaction associated with DH°f for an ionic compound the ionization of a lithium atom.

b. The sublimation of dry ice (CO2 (s))

c. The breaking of a Cl-Cl bond

d. All of the above processes are exothermic

a. The reaction associated with DHºf for an ionic compound

Explanation:

An exothermic process is a process that loses heat for the surroundings, so the temperature of the system must decrease, and ΔH must be negative.

DHºf or ΔHºf of an ionic compound is always negative because the final energy is always lower than the initial. It happens because of the stability of the bond, the system wants a lower energy state to be stable.

The ionization of a lithium atom occurs with the gain of energy, which is given to the electron, so it may give off the atom. So it's an endothermic process.

To change the state of a solid to a gas (sublimation), the compound must gain heat, its temperature must increase, so it's always an endothermic process.

To break a covalent bond it's necessary the gain of energy, so it's an endothermic process.

Answer:A

Explanation:

The enthalpy change of formation for an ionic compound is calculated from the Born-Haber cycle. Using the Hess law of constant heat summation. The result is always negative (exothermic) because energy is given out when the new lattice is formed.