Identify each energy exchange as primarily heat or work and determine whether the sign of ΔE is positive or negative for the system. a. A rolling billiard ball collides with another billiard ball. The first billiard ball (defined as the system) stops rolling after the collision. b. A book falls to the floor. (The book is the system). c. A father pushes his daughter on a swing. (The daughter and the swing are the system)

a. Work, ΔE is negative;

b. Work, ΔE is negative;

c. Work, ΔE is positive.

Explanation:

In the three cases, there is energy exchange in primarily work. The heat is the energy flow because of the difference in temperature. Of course, some heat may be lost in the cases by dissipation.

In the letter a the system is at an initial velocity different from 0, and then it stops. The energy that is represented here is the kinetic energy, which is the energy of the movement. Note that the system goes from a higher velocity to 0, so it is losing kinetic energy, or work, so ΔE = Efinal - Einitial < 0.

In letter b, the system is falling from a certain high to the floor, so its gravitational potential energy is change. That potential energy represents the energy that gravity does when an object shifts vertically. Because it goes from a high to 0, the energy is been lost, so ΔE = Efinal - Einitial < 0.

In letter c, the system is going higher and with higher velocity, so there is a greatness in the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy, both works, so ΔE = Efinal - Einitial > 0.