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26 July, 10:26

Which main intermolecular force must be overcome to sublime solid NH3?

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  1. 26 July, 10:53
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    Sublimation is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gaseous phase without passing through the liquid phase.

    Here are the three forces that exist between two NH3 molecules:

    1 - Dispersion forces - these forces exist between ANY two molecules, regardless of anything else.

    2 - Dipole-dipole interactions - NH3 is a polar molecule with a permanent separation of charge. Each molecule behaves like a tiny magnet and has + and - poles so 2 NH3 molecules attract each other. Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than dispersion forces in small molecules.

    3 - Hydrogen bonding - H is directly bonded to the extremely electro negative atoms N, O, or F, hence hydrogen atom is nearly stripped off electrons due to the large electro - negativity difference. Hydrogen being a small atom further reduces in size even allowing it to approach other molecules very closely. Here N, O, F gathers more partial negative charge.

    Due to the close approach between the molecules and the strong partial charges, hydrogen bonding is generally more important than dipole-dipole interactions.

    So the main intermolecular force must be hydrogen bonding.
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