How much water must be added to 12.0 mL of 1.65 M LiCl to dilute the solution to 0.495 M LiCl?

To solve this problem, we use the formula:

M1 V1 = M2 V2

To calculate for the total final volume V2:

V2 = M1 V1 / M2

V2 = 1.65 M * 12 mL / 0.495 M

V2 = 40 mL

Since final volume is 40 mL so water needed is:

water volume = 40 mL - 12 mL

water volume = 28 mL