How many unpaired electrons are present in the ground state of an atom from each of the following groups?

(a) 2A (2) (b) 5A (15) (c) 8A (18) (d) 3A (13)

a. Zero unpaired electron

b. 3 unpaired electrons

c. Zero unpaired electron

d. 1 unpaired electron

Explanation:

a. 2A (2) has configuration = > 1s2. Since the s-orbital is completely filled, Therefore it has zero unpaired electrons

b. 5A (15) has configuration = >

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

Since the p-orbital is not completely filled, It has 3 unpaired electrons

c. 8A (18) has configuration = >

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Since the p-orbital is completely filled, therefore it has zero unpaired electrons

d. 3A (13) has configuration = >

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2p1

Since the p-orbital is not completely filled, therefore it has 1 unpaired

(a) 2A (2) - it has 2 valence electrons

(b) 5A (15) -

Explanation:

A) To determine the number of unpaired electrons for atoms in group 2A (2)

Using beryllium (it belongs to group 2A) as an example

The atomic number of Be is 4

The electronic configuration is 1s²2s²

The highest principal quantum number is 2, therefore all electrons with n=2 are valence/unpaired electron

Beryllium has 2 valence/unpaired electrons, this applies to all other elements in this group

Therefore group 2A atoms have 2 unpaired electrons

B) To determine the number of unpaired electrons for atoms in group 5A (15)

Using Nitrogen as an example

The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7

The electronic configuration is 1s²2s²2p³

The highest principal quantum number for nitrogen is 2, therefore all electrons with n=2 are valence/unpaired electrons

Nitrogen has 2+3 = 5 valence/unpaired electrons, this applies to all other elements in this group

Therefore, group 5A atoms have 5 unpaired electrons

C) To determine the number of unpaired electrons for atoms in group 8A (18)

Using Neon as an example

The atomic number of Neon is 2

The electronic configuration of Neon is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

The highest principal quantum number for 3, therefore all electrons with n=3 are valence/unpaired electrons

Neon has 2+6 = 8 valence/unpaired electrons, this applies to all other elements in this group except Helium whose number of unpaired electrons is 2

Therefore, group 8A atoms have 8 unpaired electrons

D) To determine the number of unpaired electrons for atoms in group 3A (13)

Using Aluminium as an example

The atomic number of Aluminium is 13

The electronic configuration of Neon is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

The highest principal quantum number for 3, therefore all electrons with n=3 are valence/unpaired electrons

Neon has 2+1 = 3 valence/unpaired electrons, this applies to all other elements in this group

Therefore, group 3A atoms have 3 unpaired electrons

Note: The number of valence electrons of atoms in a group is the same as the group number that the atom belongs to