A formal operational thinker and a concrete operational thinker are both presented with three beakers containing red liquid and are told that some combination of the liquids will produce a green liquid. How would the manner in which the formal thinker solves the problem most likely differ from that of the concrete thinker?

a. Formal thinkers would be more systematic when combining the liquids and eliminating combinations. b. Formal thinkers would apply both animism and centration when solving the task. c. Formal thinkers would do the problem entirely in their head and not actually pour any liquid. d. The formal thinkers' approach would be significantly more haphazard.

a. Formal thinkers would be more systematic when combining the liquids and eliminating combinations.

Explanation:

Formal operational thinker: They think abstractly through manipulating the ideas in the brain.

Formal operational stage: It begins around at the age of twelve and continues until adulthood. As soon as the adolescents enter in this stage, they acquire the ability to think and contemplate abstractly or conceptually by manipulating the ideas in their head, without depending on the concrete manipulation

Concrete operational thinker: They think in a flexible, logical, and organized manner.

Concrete Operational Stage. The stage continues from seven to eleven years of age, and is distinguished by the development of rationale and organized thinking.