12) which force is a factor is surface winds but does not affect winds aloft

Pressure gradient force

Explanation:

This force develops a relation to the high and low-pressure areas of earth and does not affect the winds aloft as it travels up and down the isobars. The case of the atmospheric pressure gradient is balanced due to the earth's gravitational effects. This effect comes into play due to the higher densities of air and changes in pressure changes that take place next to each other an taking into account the other factors like height of the atmosphere layers of thickness. It also depends on the nature of terrain, winds direction and prevailing winds.