2. What gave rise to the crusade against drunkenness? What successes and failures resulted from the movement's efforts?

In the United States, it was mostly a rise in immigration that led to the call for the prohibition of alcohol, since many people believed that it was making people violent and unappealing. Women were at the forefront of this movement, which succeeded in prohibiting alcohol but failed at actually enforcing this ban, since people continued to drink anyway.