Which judicial office had its origins in medieval england and has existed in texas since 1837 even before statehood?

Justice of the peace

The idea of a "justice of the peace" was that a respected person in the community is bestowed with authority to act in certain judicial matters. They typically do not have full legal degrees, but are empowered to handle minor civil cases or lower level misdemeanor cases, etc. Texas currently does have educational training provided for those who serve as justices of the peace.