Which amendment Best addresses the fears of the federalists like James Madison, that rights and powers not specifically listed in the consttuition or Bill of rights will not be protected in the future

The Ninth Amendment.

"The inventory in the Constitution, of some rights, shall not be interpreted to reject or discredit others held by the people."

The Ninth Amendment or Amendment IX of the United States Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights that declares that there are different equities that may subsist apart from the ones explicitly stated, and even though they are not noted, it does not indicate they can be disrupted.

ninth amendment