American Slavery in Comparative Perspective by Steven Mintz

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In the comparative perspective by Steven Mintz 10 to 16 million Africans survived the voyage to the New World. One-third were taken to Brazil while 60 to 70 percent of the slaves ended up in Brazil or the Caribbean sugar colonies. About 6 percent of the slaves arrived in the United States. Its noted that by 1860 two thirds of the New World slaves lived in South America. The major difference of the slavery South America and Latin America was demographic. The slave population in Brazil and the West Indies had low numbers of female slaves, lower birthrates, and high proportions of arrivals from Africa. The slavery death rate among in the Caribbean was one-third higher than that of the South. Slavery in the United States was distinctive by the ability of the slaves to increase in numbers by natural reproduction. Latin America and the United States were also involved conceptions of race. Mintz further notes that Spanish and Portuguese America had an intricate system of racial classification that emerged. If compared to the British and French, the Spanish and Portuguese were more tolerant to racial mixing which was encouraged by a shortage of European women and recognition of the wide range of racial gradations i. e., black, mestizo, quadroon, and octoroon.