What Civil Rights activist promoted black independence, self defense, and human rights, and often disagreed with the non-violent methods of Martin Luther King?

It was Malcom X (1925-1965) born Malcom Little), a radical leader who joined Nation of Islam, an organization that mixed elements of Islam and black nationalism. He challenged M. L. King. Jr's proposals of integration and nonviolence. His ideas and activism were highly influential on the Black Power movement.

Malcom X could be it