Why did Americans accept the Constitution, with its strong national government and powerful executive, after, only a decade earlier, violently revolting against similar British institutions? Why did the Anti-Federalists not violently oppose the new Constitution?

The US Revolution against the British was about taxation without representation. They felt that the British were taxing them without any representation in the British government. Before the revolution, it was pretty much every state for themselves. There wasn't any single rule over them except the British. Once the revolution occurred, it brought the 13 colonies together. A central government was established to look over the 13 colonies while each of them had their own rights also. The rule of these colonies by the central government isn't as strong as the rule of the British was. Therefore, the colonies did not revolt against it there was also a sense of working together for the progress of the colonies.