Shaw and Barry distinguish two different forms of utilitarianism. What are these two forms. Briefly describe each and use examples.

There are 2 different forms of utilitarianism that Shaw and Barry distinguish: Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism

Act Utilitarianism:

The person's act is considered morally correct if it produces as much happiness as any other act the person can perform at that time. That is, a single action with a single result.

Example: A person who act utilitarian who sees a red light would think "I hope people (not including me) follow this rule, however as there is no one around who can be influenced by my act and not even the police who can fine me, I'll cross in the same way "

Rule Utilitarianism:

Before acting, the rule utilitarian thinks about the consequences of the people who follow this rule. If the result is positive, she can decide that it is good to follow this rule in general and apply it in the future.

Example: A that rule utilitarian person who sees a red light would think "The consequences would be good if people followed the rule and did not cross the red light, so everyone would be safe while waiting for the green light". That way, the person would apply that rule to her/himself and wait it to turn green