What patterns of borrowing characterized the emerging states in East and Southeast Asia?

The governments of East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, the makers of what economists call the "East Asian miracle" (Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia), have intervened extensively in their financial markets. Their policies aimed at creating financial markets and institutions, heavy regulatory laws were passed, they directed credit selectively to some industries and away from others. In this way, they wanted to mobilize savings and influence the allocation of investment. They provided rewards (subsidies, access to credit or foreign exchange on preferential terms) to industries or companies that were in priority business areas or whose performance was very good.

They also discouraged consumption credits by impeding mortgage markets and others from developing. The aim was to stimulate savings.