Warm-water hydrothermal vents form: a. turbidity currents. b. cold seeps. c. white smokers. d. black smokers. e. abyssal hills.

d) Black smokers

Explanation:

Hydrothermal vents form at locations where seawater meets magma.

A venting black smoker emits jets of particle-laden fluids. The particles are predominantly very fine-grained sulfide minerals formed when the hot hydrothermal fluids mix with near-freezing seawater. These minerals solidify as they cool, forming chimney-like structures. "Black smokers" are chimneys formed from deposits of iron sulfide, which is black. "White smokers" are chimneys formed from deposits of barium, calcium, and silicon, which are white.

Because deposits from hydrothermal vent fluid can contain iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and other minerals, vents have relevance to certain types of ore deposits.

The correct answer is (d) black smokers