2. Approximately, how much energy does 1 square meter of the sun's atmosphere emit outward toward Earth (way before that energy travels through space to reach Earth) ?

one square meter of Sun's atmosphere emit approximately 64x10⁶ watts of energy outward toward Earth.

Explanation:

At the surface of Sun, the radiation flux is approximately 64x10⁶ watts. This is the amount of energy that is being emitted by the Sun towards the Earth.

But as we know the Sun is several thousands of kilometers away from the Earth, therefore, the radiation flux at the Earth decreases as the square of the distance from the Sun.