Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? (money, praise, grades, food).

food

Explanation:

Secondary reinforcer: In psychology, "secondary reinforcer" is referred to as a specific situation in which a stimulus is said to reinforce a particular behavior after being formerly connected with one of the primary reinforcer (a stimulus that fulfils "basic survival instincts", for example, clothing, food, drink, etc).

According to the psychologists, human being's reinforcers are generally considered as secondary. A secondary reinforcer involves tokens, stickers, money, good marks, praise, etc. It is often considered as one of the powerful tools in children's behavioral modification.