Which of the following is (are) a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research?

a. Maintain clear expectations.

b. Reinforce effort as much as results.

c. Give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake.

d. all of the above

e. a and c

d. all of the above

Explanation:

In their essay, titled Leadership Behaviors in Sport: A Theoretical Model and Research Paradigm1 both Frank Smoll and Ronald Smith, suggested that to enhance leadership behavior in youth sports, the followings need to be done which includes:

1. Maintain clear expectations.

2. Reinforce effort as much as results.

3. Give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake.

Theu gather their findingss using Heuristic model, and the research was carried out, using basic components of a mediational model of coach-athlete interactions and other research findings relative to the model.