Such independent discoveries are attributed to which theory? A) Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently; B) Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently; C) Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did.

C. Conditioned Reflex

Explanation:

Erwin Twitmyer was an American psychologist working at the University of Pennsylvania. He discovered Conditioned Reflex sometime before the Russian physiologist Pavlov, had conducted an experiment measuring the knee reflex. He was interested in the reflex of the patellar tendon.

He found out that those kicks were not voluntary, and nearly impossible to inhibit it.

The conditioned reflex in Twitmyer was an unexpected outcome. Among other reasons for his obscurity was the fact the He published privately.