Hong Kong Chinese that maintain residences and businesses in Hong Kong and Vancouver, and Turks that work in Germany while maintaining close connections and property in Turkey, are specifically known as:1. international emigrants2. voluntary immigrants3. transnational migrants4. voluntary migrants

Transnational migrants

Explanation:

Transnational migration describes the process by which people move and settle across international borders, have multiple established networks of connections with country of origin while still maintaining settlement in the "foreign" country as is the case above where Chinese and Turkish people maintain businesses and houses in both countries (origin and foreign)