Which of the following events motivated China to launch its Self-Strengthening Movement in the 19th century?

a. its devotion to laissez-faire economic

b. its economic failures under communism

c. its defeat in wars against Europeans

d. its inability to control its population of serfs

C) Its defeat in wars against Europeans was one of the events which motivated China to launch its Self-Strengthening Movement in the 19th Century. The Self-Strengthening Movement was largely specifically economic and military modernization and the idea that the Chinese would become stronger in these areas if they adopted Western techniques.