Which of the following would most likely be a cause of primary succession?

a. farming

b. overhunting

c. volcano

d. defoliation

The answer is C, the volcano. Primary succession is one of two kinds of natural and biological progression of vegetation, happening in a situation in which new substrate without vegetation and different living beings normally inadequate with regards to soil, for example, a magma stream or region left from withdrew ice sheet, is deposited.