Knowing that you will be punished for breaking mom's favorite dish is a function of the

Limbic system.

Explanation:

The limbic system is the brain structures that control behavior, emotions, motivation, the sense of smell and long-term memory. The limbic system has a reward and punishment function, which make the person have either pleasant or unpleasant sensations. The punishment function can cause fear and displeasure and if we do something that make us feel that way, we are likely to stop doing it. On the other side, if we are doing something that makes us feel pleasure or at ease we may continue doing it. That would be the reward function working.