Palming off: a. is the same as trademark infringement. b. requires proof of the likelihood of confusion. c. is a statutory protection in competition. d. is a federal crime. e. none of the above

Palming off requires proof of the likelihood of confusion, hence B is the correct option.

Explanation:

Palming off is misrepresenting someone else's product as one's. This is an offence that one can be sued for in business law.

For such cases to be acceptable to courts of appropriate jurisdiction, the claimant must proof beyond reasonable that, for instance the defendant's product can be mistaken for his.

For example. a milk product branded as Nikki can be mistaken for another known as Nikke.