The total nodal delay includes:

propagation delay

transmission delay

processing delay

all of the above

none of the above

Answer: All of the above

Explanation:

The total nodal delay is the total sum of propagation, transmission and processing delay in a particular network. If a packet are transmitted from one node to another node in the network, then the packet suffers from various type of delay in the network.

Propagation delay is the amount of time that is taken by the device from the sender to the receiver along with the signal header. Transmission delay is the total time that is required for pushing the bits present in the packets on the wire/link. Processing delay is the time taken by the router to process in the packet header and it is the key component of the network delay.

all of the above

Explanation:

Total nodal delay is the sum of all types of delay. There are basically four types delay that are as following:-

Processing Delay. Propagation Delay. Transmission Delay. Queuing Delay.

T (nodal) = T (processing) + T (propagation) + T (transmission) + T (queuing).

Where T is the delay time. We are given with propagation, transmission and processing. Nodal delay includes these 3 delays.

Hence we conclude that the answer is all of the above.