which founding fathers were generally on opposite sides of arguments related to the power of the federal government?

There was a Federalist side, led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison,

The AntiFederalists, led by Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry,

The debate was over exactly how much power and authority to give Congress and the other central branches of the new government.

Explanation:

The Federalists argued that a strong central government would be essential to the nation's survival and prosperity, while the antifederalists insisted that most of the nation's power should rest within the state and local governments