Which school of thought dominated from the late 1700s to the late 1800s?

In the late 1700s to the late 1800s, science and philosophy thought dominated. For this reason, many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of the development of free speech and thought. In this connection, prominent philosophers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and David Hume questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both Church and State. Philosophers collectively freed themselves from dogma and the control of the Church. They refused to be censored by government and questioning centuries-old premises that had fossilized European thinking and limited its ability to adapt in rapidly changing environment. They placed freedom and democracy and reason as primary values of society. In addition, most work emphasizes the ideals discussed by intellectuals rather than the actual state of education. Educational theories emphasized the importance of shaping young minds early. In these years onward, associationism the notion that the mind associated or dissociated ideas through repeated routines dominated. Teachers were allowed to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle order of society. Children were also taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods.