In 1848, groups in Sicily, France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire attempted to overthrow monarchies and replace them with more representative forms of government. What best characterizes this situation?

Bismark makes administration of Holstein extremely difficult for the Austrians, so much so that they appeal to the German Confederation. Leads to war between Austria and ... could be regained from Austria. He then stopped Garibaldi before he could form a republican Italy, and united Italy under a constitutional monarchy.