The development of complex civilizations date back to 1300 ago with Olmec, Mayans, and the Inca. Likewise there were many highly developed civilizations in the Africa dating back to 1400 BCE. Discuss the possible causes of the rise and fall of such advanced civilizations / kingdoms.

The rise and fall of complex civilizations, particularly in Africa, is caused by five major factors.

Uncontrollable population movement: This is the movement of people from one location to another with the intention of residing in the new location. The migration of people from one kingdom to another makes the kingdom to lose its strength, and consequently makes it collapse Epidermic diseases: Outbreak of diseases affect the population of a kingdom or civilization. Diseases are in many cases accompanied by death which is a major reason for a reduction in population Famine: A population cannot survive where there is no food. They either migrate to look for survival or they die. This can lead to the collapse of a civilization. Environmental changes: When there are changes such as climate change and natural disasters such as hurricane, a kingdom cannot grow, it rather declines and eventually collapses. Invasion with foreign ideologies and beliefs: A kingdom that cannot uphold its beliefs and ideologies but is rather invaded by strange policies and beliefs that do not suit the welfare of its people will in no time be wiped off.