How do the three branches of the US government limit each other's powers?

Its a check and balance system. The legislative branch makes the laws, judicial interprets the law, and executive branch carries out the laws. This ensures that one branch doesn't control all three of the responsibilities.

Each of the branches have specific powers over other branches which acts as checks and balances on each others power. It is based on the principle of separation of powers. Here are some important examples:

Executive Branch

Checks on Judiciary:

-Nominates Federal Judges

-Power to Pardon

-Executes Decisions Made

Checks on Legislative:

-Power to veto

-Can call emergency session of Congress

Legislative Branch

Check on Executive

-Impeachment

-Power of the purse

-Override vetoes

Checks on Judicial

-Approves federal judges

-Outlines courts appellate jurisdiction

-Can ignore or pass bills against judicial rulings

-determine size of the court

Judicial Branch

Checks on the Executive

-Can declare presidential orders, or actions unconstitutional

Checks on the Legislative

-Can declare bills or resolutions unconstitutional