A dog has been conditioned to salivate in response to a buzzer. If the buzzer is paired with a flashing light, the dog will learn to salivate in response to the light, without any food being present. This is an example of:

Behaviorism

Explanation:

This is an example of classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was a russian scientist in the late 19th century who experimented salivation of dogs. He observed that salivating in the present of food was an unconditioned reflex, while salivating for person which dogs related with food is a conditioned reflex.

During his experiments, when he entered the room dogs salivated because they associated his presence with food, even though he was not carrying food.