What do we know from empirical evidence about the long-term effectiveness of physical punishment by spanking as a strategy to teach children about how to be compliant?

The physical punishment by spanking or any other method was widely accepted and it was used to instill obedience in children up until about 25 years ago. It was different from domestic abuse and it was used to make children learn proper behavior. But a large number of studies conducted over the years show no empirical evidence that spanking or any other physical punishment has a long-lasting effect. So we can conclude through this that this will not make a child more compliant in the long run.