Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment? a. To stop a behavior that might be harmful to the child b. When there is no time to talk about the punishment before it is applied c. When following the Premack principle d. For children under the age of two

A

If you spank a child before talking about a punishment, the child may do the same thing again, especially if they do not know what they did wrong. The premack principle is based more upon engaging in more probable behaviors that will reinforce less probable behaviors. Children under two should not be spanked.