A client has presented to the emergency department after he twisted his ankle while playing soccer. Which assessment findings are cardinal signs that the client is experiencing inflammation? Select all that apply.

a) The ankle is bleeding

b) The ankle is warmer than the unaffected ankle

c) The client is experiencing pain

d) The ankle appears to be swollen

e) The client's ankle is visibly red

The correct answers are

• The ankle is warmer than the unaffected ankle

• The client is experiencing pain

• The ankle appears to be swollen

• The client's ankle is visibly red

Explanation:

At present we can recognize its 5 cardinal signs, which are

the flush (redness), the tumor (swelling), the heat (warmth), and the pain (soreness).

There is a fifth sign which is the loss or decrease of function but it is not among the options.

Bleeding is not among the cardinal signs.