While listening to a classmate's speech, Valerie remembers that she finished the milk at breakfast and is preoccupied with mentally creating a grocery list through the rest of the speech. What is Valerie experiencing?

Answer: Psychological noise

Explanation:

Psychological noise can be categorised into three namely wandering thoughts, preconceived ideas and sarcasm.

In the example above Valerie is experiencing psychological noise which is known as wandering thoughts.

This occurs when one is trying to communicate a message but the person who is listening is busy thinking about other things and this disrupt their ability to listen to you or to pay attention to your message.

This may occur when one speaks fast and they can't keep up or they taking too long to finish their speech a listener may start to wander away in their mind.

Wandering thoughts may even occur to you when you delivering a speech on something else and you find yourself thinking about ideas and may end up putting them in your speech evethough they may not be related to what you are talking about.

Preconceived ideas occur when a listener feels like they already know what you are talking about this affect the way in which they listen to the message.

Sarcasm as a psychological noise occur when one does not agree with you on those ideas that you are trying to communicate due to their opposing ideas they will have opposing negative thoughts as you try to speak hence not taking anything that you say.